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Ashyk ajtylgan maksat

Bügingi kirill kazak älipbiji til damuwynyñ bejtarap kezeñi emes. Sol sheshim tuwraly tüsirilgen keñestik arkhiv kinokhronikasy maksatyn tuwra ajtady:

«Новый алфавит призван сблизить культуру русского и казахского народов»
«Zhaña älipbij orys pen kazak khalyktarynyñ mädenijetin zhakyndastyruwga arnalgan» — filmniñ öz diktory osylaj dejdi. Is zhüzinde zhakyndaw bir bagytta gana zhürdi: kazak oryska karaj zhylzhydy.

Derekköz: Azattyk (AER/AR kazak qyzmeti), «Как казахский язык переходил на кириллицу»; kadrlar Kazakstannyñ Ortalyk memlekettik kino-fotokuzhattar arkhiviniki dep körsetilgen. Azattyk — Azat Ewropa/Azattyk radiosynyñ kazak redakcijasy, 1953 zhyldan beri khabar taratady.

Kirillge dejin: kazaktyñ öz tañdawy

Kazak tili kirillden äldekajda buryn zhazba til boldy: aldymen Akhmet Bajtursynuly reformalagan arab zhazuwynda (töte jazu, 1912 zhyldan), kejin biryñgaj türki älipbijine negizdelgen latyn zhazuwynda (Jaŋalif, 1929 zhyldan). Eki dästürde de kazak tilshileri bir sheshimge keldi: kirme söz shet tildegi zhazyluwymen köshirilmejdi, töl fonologijaga tolyk siñedi. Kazak bilimpazdarynyñ tuñgysh sjezi bul principti 1924 zhyly-ak bekitti: shet sözder kazak tiliniñ erezhesimen zhazylady.

1929 zhylgy Kyzylorda konferencijasynda orfografija bojynsha basty bajandama zhasagan Telzhan Shonanuly osy közkarasty konferencija karsañynda zharijalangan, shet sözderge arnalgan 31 tarmakty usynysynda tügel ashyp berdi, äri usynys basynan ajagyna dejin siñiruw bagytynda. Birneshe mysaly: f — p boldy; söz basyndagy g — ç, jagnyj kazak zh dybysyna arnalgan jañalif ärpi; c — s (oficer üshin apeser, stancija üshin stansa); orys tilindegi -ция zhalgawy — -sa/-se (milicija üshin milijse); -ия — -a/-ä (burzhuazija üshin burçuvaza). Muny kazak galymdary latyn däwirinde, kirill äli ojda zhok kezde, öz erkimen, ojlanyp zhasady.

Köndiruwmen emes, zharlykpen özgertildi

1938 zhyl keldi. Äli latyn küjindegi älipbige «orys sözderi üshin» degen kirme äripter (F, X) kosyldy, sol zhylgy orfografija reformasy siñirilgen zhazylymdardy sovet, kolxoz tärizdi orys däjeksözdik kalyptarymen almastyrdy. Däl sol zhyly orys tili kazak mektepterinde mindetti pänge ajnaldy. 1940 zhylgy kirillge köshuw formaldy türde bölek zañ edi, birak ol kezde älipbij orys däjeksözdik normalaryna karaj burylganyna eki zhyl bolgan.

Kazaktyñ tuwys tilderi de däl osyny, däl osy zhyldary bastan keshirdi. Kyrgyz tilshisi Kasym Tynystanovtyñ 1934 zhylgy orfografija zhobasy bojynsha keñestik leksika is zhüzinde kyrgyz fonologijasyna saj zhazyldy (qalqoz, doqtur); 1938 zhyly bul zhazylymdar «burmalaw» dep ajyptalyp, ornyna orys kalyptary kolxoz, doktor keldi. Sol zhyl, sol zhelew, baska til. Nogaj tili bul zholdan burynyrak ötti: 1931–33 zhyldardagy konferencijalar onyñ latyn älipbijine birneshe ärip kosty, kejbiri arnajy orys kirme sözderiniñ dybystaryna arnalgan edi, al 1935 zhyly Cherkes oblystyk partija komiteti zhanyndagy nogaj kyzmetkerleriniñ zhinalysy zheñildetuw degen atpen birneshe äripti — töl äripter men kirme däwir äripterin aralas — kajta alyp tastady.

Zyjannyñ kalaj ölshenetinine tiri mysal

Osy zhobanyñ özi däl sol birzhaktylykka tap boldy, ony zhasyrmaj ajtkan adal. Bir emle erezhesine — orys zhiñishkelik belgisiniñ (ь) kalaj beriletinine — zhasalgan algashky taldaw negizgi agymdagy kazakstandyk mätinderdiñ zhijilik derekterine süjenip, dawystynyñ zhiñishkeruwi sirek kubylys, demek «durys» zhazylym ony elemesin degen korytyndyga keldi: medäl medal türinde, medäl emes. Korytyndy kate bolyp shykty, äri katesi köp närseni añgartady: korpuws orystangan ajtylymdy ölshep, sony negizgi kalyp dep ukkan. Al zhiñishkeruw — orys tildi mektep pen medyjanyñ ondagan zhylyn körmegen kazaktarda, Moñgolijada, Kytajda, Iranda, Türkijada — shynajy da keñ taragan kubylys.

«Bügingi kazakstandyk korpuwsta ne zhiji kezdesse, sol akikat» degen täsildiñ zhalpy kemshiligi osy: osylaj kurylgan kez kelgen ädis özi tüzewge tijis orystandyruwdy kaltkysyz kajtalap shygarady. QazaqKey kerisinshe istejdi: tirek nüktesi — dyjaspora men reformaga dejingi täzhiribe, al negizgi korpuwstagy zhijilik — zhetuwge tijis mezhe emes, keltirilgen zyjannyñ kuwäsi.

Bul toktagan zhok

Däjeksözdik zholmen orystandyruw — ötip ketken bir okiga emes, täwelsizdikten kejin de kajtalana beretin zañdylyk. Kyrgyz orfografija tarikhy bul ajnalymdy egzhej-tegzhejli körsetedi: siñirilgen revolucijaga dejingi kirme sözder 1940 zhylgy kirill erezhelerinde saktaldy, 1953 zhyly birzhola zhojyldy, 2002 zhyly «fonetizm» principi zhelewimen ishinara kajtaryldy, al 2008 zhyly reforma resmij türde 1953 zhylgy orfografijaga oraluw dep kajta ataldy. Is zhüzinde 2008 zhylgy keri burylys negizinen zher-suw atawlarynyñ zhazyluwy men zharijalangan dybys kuramyn kamtydy, 2002 zhylgy siñirilgen kirme zhazylymdardyñ köbi aman kaldy. Bul zañdylyktyñ keñ kypshak otbasynda kajtalanuwynyñ sebebi karapajym: kysymdagy zhazuwshyga däjeksözdik zhazylym ädette arzanyrak tüsedi, sondyktan tezhelmese, ol wakyt öte kemij emes, keñeje beredi — orfografijaga formaldy türde kim zhawap berse de.

Kazak latyn älipbiji tuwraly äñgime 1991 zhyldan bastalady: sol zhyly zhaña täwelsiz türki respublikalarynyñ galymdary Ystanbuldagy simpoziumda ortak zhazuw usyndy. Kazakstan ony kabyldamady. Ükimettik komissija 2006–2007 zhyldary öz esebin dajyndady — kuny shamamen 300 million dollar, 12–15 zhylga sozylatyn kezeñdik köshuw zhospary; ol sörede kaldy, ogan 2007–08 zhyldardagy karzhy dagdarysy men sajasyj basymdyktardyñ awysuwy da sebep bolgan shygar. Memlekettik akparat agenttigi KazAkparat (Kazinform) tipti resmij türde eshkashan zhüzege aspagan köshuwdi kütip, öziniñ latyn romanizacija zhüjesin zhasap ta kojdy. Resmij reforma 2017 zhyldan beri zhürip keledi, tört zharija nuska berdi: ekewi prezident zharlygymen bekitildi (2017 zhylgy apostroftar, 2018 zhylgy zhiti ekpin belgileri), ekewi zhoba küjinde kaldy (2019 zhyl zhäne 2021 zhylgy dyjakritikaly nuska). Är nuska aldyñgysyna ajtylgan synga zhawap berdi, birak tüpki kajshylyk sheshilmedi: orys tili äkimshilik pen medyjada üstem bolyp kalgan elde komissija zhasagan älipbij kajta-kajta kazaktyñ öz fonologijasynan göri orys däjeksözdik ädetine zhakyn ymyraga toktajdy. Osy zholdar zhazylyp otyrganda 2021 zhylgy nuska äli resmij bekitilmegen, köshuw merzimi 2025 zhyldan 2031 zhylga zhylzhygan.

QazaqKey neni özgeshe istejdi

Osy tarikhtan eki sheshim tikelej shygady. Birinshiden, QazaqKey kirme sözdermen zhumysty ädeji tar ustajdy: zhaña, äli siñbegen kirmeler men sheteldik zhalky esimder töl dawys ündestigine eshkashan timejtin, tar shartpen gana kosylatyn bölek «däjeksöz rezhimi» arkyly ötedi, al töl kubyr ädepki kalyp bolyp kala beredi — däjeksözdik zhazylymnyñ tarikhta töl zhüje esebinen keñejgenine däl karama-karsy. Ekinshiden, ajtylymdy kalpyna keltiretin är erezhe (dawysty-glajdtardy kalpyna keltiruw, zhiñishkelik belgi tusyndagy zhiñishkeruw, t.b.) aldymen shynajy, orystanbagan söjlew tilimen tekseriledi; zamanawyj kazakstandyk korpuws ekinshi kezekte, zhijilik pen kamtuwdy bakylaw üshin gana karalady, «durystyktyñ» töresi retinde emes.

Derekközder

1. Azattyq (RFE/RL Kazakh service), archival footage on the 1940 Cyrillic decision — azattyqasia.org/a/alfavit1940-video (also on YouTube)
2. Kazakh (kk) Wikipedia, First Congress of Kazakh Scholars (Orenburg, 1924) — kk.wikipedia.org — Qazaq bılımpazdarynyñ tuñğyş sezı
3. Odagiri, K. (2015). "How to Deal with the Elements of Russian Origin: Developments of Orthographic Reforms for the Kyrgyz Language." Kansai University (PDF) — kansai-u.ac.jp/fl/publication/pdf_department/12/69odagiri.pdf
4. Tiltanym journal, №3(95) 2024, on Telzhan Shonanuly's orthographic principles (PDF) — tiltanym.kz/jour/article/download/1622/721
5. "Kazakh and Turkic Alphabet Reform 1900–1939: Change Without Change," University of Illinois pressbook — iopn.library.illinois.edu — chapter 10
6. Kazakh alphabets — Wikipedia — en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets
7. Nogai alphabets — Wikipedia — en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogai_alphabets
8. Nogai language — Wikipedia — en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogai_language
9. Romanization of Kyrgyz — Wikipedia — en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz
10. Blitstein, P. (2001). "Nation-Building or Russification? Obligatory Russian Instruction in the Soviet Non-Russian School, 1938–1953." In R. G. Suny & T. Martin (eds.), A State of Nations (Oxford University Press) — on the March 1938 compulsory-Russian decree — academic.oup.com — Blitstein, "Nation-Building or Russification?"
11. Kazakh (Latin) script, 1938 revision, on the added loan letters F/X — type.today — a history of Kazakh script
12. RFE/RL, "Common Turkic Alphabet" coverage (2024) — rferl.org — common Turkic alphabet
13. Eurasianet, "Kazakhstan: The ABCs of the Alphabet Debate" — eurasianet.org — the alphabet debate
14. Kazinform — Wikipedia (its independent pre-2017 Latin romanization system) — en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazinform
15. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty — Wikipedia (Azattyq's parent organization) — en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty

Osy bettiñ negizindegi tolyk ishki zerttew zhazbalary, sonyñ ishinde QazaqKey erezheleriniñ osy tarikhka karsy kalaj tekserilgeniniñ khattamasy, zhoba repozitorijiniñ docs/ kaltasynda saktawly.